الأحد، فبراير 22، 2009
اخنصارات مهمة لاختبارات الدم ومدلولاتها
السبت، فبراير 21، 2009
الفرق بين عينة مصل الدم ( Serum ) و عينة البلازما ( Plasma):
Normal values المعدلات الطبيعية لبعض الاختبارات
test :Reference Range (conventional units*)
الطريقة الصحيحة لفرد الشرائح.(الفرق بينها وبين طريقة السيد):
Place a small drop of blood near an end of a slide. According to figure 7, bring the edge of another slide in contact with the drop and allow the drop to bank evenly behind the spreader. The angle between the two slides has to be 30-40 degrees. Now, push to the left in a smooth, quick motion. The smear should cover about half the slide. It is important that the quantity of blood is not excessive, otherwise the red cells could hide the leukocytes. So, if you succeed in making a gradual transition from thick to thin in your smear, you should get a zone with a satisfactory distribution of cells.With a single drop of blood, you can make several smears. In fact, to make a smear, it is enough to leave a spot of blood of 3 mm about in diameter on the slide. It is useful to perform many smears. In fact, not always they are successful, and with some attempts, it is easier to get one well prepared. To avoid producing clots, you must make each smear with fresh blood and straight after having deposited it. To this purpose, it is useful to be helped by another person where one deposits the blood, and the other makes the smears. With the microscope, you should observe the smears to check that some of them are properly made. The red cells must not overlap each other, nor be so scarce as to be too spread out.
انواع العينات والمزارع التي تنمو عليها
تنزرع على SKIN / SUPERFICIAL SWABS - BURN(الجلد وإفرازات الحروق والمسحات السطحية )
[ BLOOD AGAR – MacConkey AGAR –PEA AGAR].
الجروح العميقة و الخراج تنزرع علىABSCESS / WOUND ( DEEP)
[ AGAR BLOOD AGAR -THIBROTH - MacConkey ].
سائل النخاع الشوكي تنزرع علىCSF
[BLOOD AGAR - MacConkey AGAR - CHOCOLATE AGAR - SAB AGAR - THIBROTH ]
مسحة المهبل والمسحات التناسلية تنزرع علىHVS AND GENITAL SWABS
CHOCOLATE AGAR - SAB AGR - BLOOD AGAR –Thi broth (When Requested) -
مسحة الأدن تنزرع علىEAR
ThiobrothBLOOD
AGAR CHOCOLATE
SAB AGaR
مسحة العين تنزرع علىEYE
ThiobrothBLOOD AGAR
CHOCOLATE AGAR
MacConkey AGAR
7- مسحة الأنف للبالغين NASSAL SWAB ( ADULT) تنزرع على :
BLOOD AGAR
MacConkey AGAR
مسحة الأنف للأطفال تنزرع علىNASSAL SWAB ( CHILD)
:BLOOD AGAR
MacConkey AGAR
CHOCOLATE AGAR
مسحات الفم تنزرع علىTHROAT SWAB AND ORAL SWAB
:BLOOD AGAR
MacConkey AGAR
SAB AGR
البلغمSPUTUM
BLOOD AGAR
MacConkey AGAR
SAB AGR
CHOCOLATE AGAR
- البراز اولا لمدة 24 ساعة ينزرع علىSTOOL
SELENITE BROTH
ثم بعد ذلك ينزرع على
DSA OR XLD
البول ينزرع علىURINE
BLOOD AGAR
CLED AGAR
CLED AGAR
فحص عينات البراز
قبل الشروع بفحص عينة البراز يجب اخذ الملاحظات التاليه:
blood collection tubeالانابيب المخبريه الخاصه بجمع عينات الدم
Red Top
ADDITIVE
None
MODE OF ACTION
Blood clots, and the serum is separated by centrifugation
Chemistries, Immunology and Serology, Blood Bank (Crossmatch
Light Green Top
ADDITIVE
Plasma Separating Tube (PST) with Lithium heparin
Anticoagulates with lithium heparin; Plasma is separated with PST gel at the bottom of the tube
Chemistries
Orange Top
Thrombin
Quickly clots blood
STAT serum chemistries
Black Top
Sodium citrate (buffered)
Forms calcium salts to remove calcium
Westergren Sedimentation Rate; requires full draw
Purple Top
EDTA
Forms calcium salts to remove calcium
Hematology (CBC) and Blood Bank (Crossmatch); requires full draw - invert 8 times to prevent clotting and platelet clumping
Light Blue Top
Sodium citrate
Forms calcium salts to remove calcium
Coagulation tests (protime and prothrombin time), full draw required
Green Top
Sodium heparin or lithium heparin
Inactivates thrombin and thromboplastin
اجزاء المجهر
عدسة عينية و هي مثبتة في الطرف العلوي للأسطوانة المعدنية الموجودة في أعلى جزء من المجهر و من خلال هذه العدسة تنظر العين إلى الداخل لرؤية العينة المراد فحصها. (1)
عدسات شيئية و هي مثبتة على قرص متحرك بالطرف السفلي للأسطوانة المعدنية و تكون قريبة من الشيء المراد تكبيره ، لذلك سميت بالعدسات الشيئية و يتراوح عدد هذه العدسات بين (2 - 4) عدسات و تتدرج في قوة تكبيرها. (3)
ضابطان أحدهما للضبط التقريبي و الآخر للضبط الدقيق يمكن تدويرهما لرفع أو خفض العدسات عن العينة المدروسة لتوضيحها بعد اختيار قوة التكبير المطلوبة بأي من العدسات الأربع. (4)
منضدة ( مسرح ) مسطح مستو و يمكن رفعه أو خفضه أو يكون ثابتا و في وسطه توجد فتحة و ماسكان معدنيان لتثبيت الشريحة الزجاجية التي توضع عليها العينة المطلوب تكبيرها. (6)
تم الاسترجاع من "http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1"
Lab Safety السلامة في المختبر
GENERAL GUIDELINES
- _Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in laboratory
2. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
3. Never work alone in the laboratory. No student may work in the science classroom without the presence of the teacher.
4. When first entering a science room, do not touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are instructed to do so.
5. Perform only those experiments authorized by your teacher. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed.
6. Do not eat food, drink beverages, or chew gum in the laboratory. Do not use laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
7. Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory. Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited.
8. Always work in a well-ventilated area.
9. Observe good housekeeping practices. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times.
10. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Notify the teacher immediately of any unsafe conditions you observe.
11. Dispose of all chemical waste properly. Never mix chemicals in sink drains. Sinks are to be used only for water. Check with your teacher for disposal of chemicals and solutions.
12. Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the equipment as directed by your teacher.
13. Keep hands away from face, eyes, mouth, and body while using chemicals or lab equipment. Wash your hands with soap and water after performing all experiments.
14. Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.
15. Know the locations and operating procedures of all safety equipment including: first aid kit(s), and fire extinguisher. Know where the fire alarm and the exits are located.
16. Know what to do if there is a fire drill during a laboratory period; containers must be closed, and any electrical equipment turned off. - CLOTHING
17. Any time chemicals, heat, or glassware are used, students will wear safety goggles. NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS RULE!
18. Contact lenses may be not be worn in the laboratory.
19. Dress properly during a laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured. Shoes must completely cover the foot. No sandals allowed on lab days.
20. A lab coat or smock should be worn during laboratory experiments.
ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES
21. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not panic.
22. If you or your lab partner is hurt, immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention. Do not panic.
23. If a chemical should splash in your eye(s) or on your skin, immediately flush with running water for at least 20 minutes. Immediately (and loudly) yell out the teacher's name to get the teacher's attention. - HANDLING CHEMICALS
24. All chemicals in the laboratory are to be considered dangerous. Avoid handling chemicals with fingers. Always use a tweezer. When making an observation, keep at least 1 foot away from the specimen. Do not taste, or smell any chemicals.
25. Check the label on all chemical bottles twice before removing any of the contents. Take only as much chemical as you need.
26. Never return unused chemicals to their original container.
27. Never remove chemicals or other materials from the laboratory area. - HANDLING GLASSWARE AND EQUIPMENT
28. Never handle broken glass with your bare hands. Use a brush and dustpan to clean up broken glass. Place broken glass in the designated glass disposal container.
29. Examine glassware before each use. Never use chipped, cracked, or dirty glassware.
30. If you do not understand how to use a piece of equipment, ASK THE TEACHER FOR HELP!
31. Do not immerse hot glassware in cold water. The glassware may shatter. - HEATING SUBSTANCES
32. Do not operate a hot plate by yourself. Take care that hair, clothing, and hands are a safe distance from the hot plate at all times. Use of hot plate is only allowed in the presence of the teacher.
33. Heated glassware remain very hot for a long time. They should be set aside in a designated place to cool, and picked up with caution. Use tongs or heat protective gloves if necessary.
34. Never look into a container that is being heated.
35. Do not place hot apparatus directly on the laboratory desk. Always use an insulated pad. Allow plenty of time for hot apparatus to cool before touching it.
رسالة المدونة
الحمد لله رب العالمين والصلاة والسلام على المبعوث رحمة للعالمين نبينا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين ..اما بعد:
مدونة مختبري هي مدونة متواضعة لعرض بعض المواضيع الهامه في قسم المختبرات الطبية بحميع مواده وتخصصاته.
والموقع يهدف ايضا الى لم شمل طلاب القسم والاستماع الى مقترحاتهم وشكاويهم باتاحة الفرصة بقول ارائهم بكل حريه عن كل موضوع يطرح وفق بعض الشروط.
اهم الشروط:
-التعليق على الموضوع المطروح بكل موضوعيه.
-التعليق على الموضوع المطروح وعدم الخروج عنه.
-عدم الاساءه او التجريح لاي شخص.
علما بان كل من يخالف قوانين المدونة سوف لن ينشر تعليقه وسوف يطرد من المدونة ولن يسمح له بدخولها نهائيا.
انشأت المدونة بتاريخ 26\2\1430هـ